[A Case of Lymphoepithelial Cyst of the Pancreas for Which Malignancy Could Not Be Ruled Out Difficult Preoperative Diagnosis].

Lymphoepithelial cyst(LEC)of the pancreas is a relatively rare benign cystic disease of the pancreas. In this report, we describe a case of LEC in which a malignant tumor could not be ruled out by preoperative diagnosis and surgery was performed. The patient was a 72-year-old man. A simple CT scan of the chest and abdomen performed as a follow-up for another disease incidentally revealed a mass in the pancreatic tail. Enhanced CT of the abdomen showed a tumor approximately 3 cm in size at the pancreatic tail with no contrast effect. MRCP showed moderate signal on T2WI, high signal on T1WI, and high signal on T2WI on some cysts inside the pancreas. PET-CT showed slight uptake of FDG. Both tumor markers CEA and CA19-9 were normal. Therefore, malignant disease such as pancreatic IPMC could not be ruled out, and laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy plus splenectomy was performed. The pathology results showed a diagnosis of pancreatic lymphoepithelial cyst with slight differentiation into sebaceous gland.

[A Case of Retroperitoneal Leiomyosarcoma Treated with Repeated Surgical Resection].

A 55-year-old male revealed with a 5 cm-diameter mass in the lower abdomen on ultrasonography incidentally. Computed tomography showed a mass of 7 cm in size on the left side of the bladder. A malignant tumor was suspected, and surgically excised for purpose of diagnosis and treatment. Pathological examination confirmed retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma, and the resection margins were negative. Follow-up computed tomography scan was performed every 3 months. Repeated resections were performed for twice recurrences within a year after surgery. A year after the first surgery, lung metastasis was detected and chemotherapy was started. Although retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma is considered to have a poor prognosis, the present case had relatively good prognosis. This may be due to early detection and repeated surgical resection.

High Lymphocyte Count as a Significant Risk Factor for Incisional Hernia After Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery.

BACKGROUND: In the era of laparoscopic surgery, incisional hernia (IH) remains a common complication of colorectal surgery. Various risk factors for IH have been evaluated to reduce the incidence, but the impact of nutrition on IH has not been well discussed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between nutritional status and the development of IH after laparoscopic colorectal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 342 colorectal cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy or proctectomy between January 2012 and December 2018. Postoperative computed tomography was used to diagnose the IH. Patient characteristics, including preoperative albumin and lymphocyte counts, were evaluated for the risk of development of IH. Further investigations were conducted regarding the impact of nutritional status on the development of IH in each patient of body mass index (BMI) under and over 25.0 kg/m 2 . RESULTS: IH was observed in 37 patients (10.8%), with a median follow-up period of 48.5 months. Female [odds ratio (OR)=3.43, P <0.01], BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 (OR=2.9, P <0.01), lymphocyte count ≥1798/µL (OR=3.37, P <0.01), and operative time ≥254 minutes (OR=3.90, P <0.01) had statistically significant relationships to IH in multivariate analysis. Low albumin was related to IH in BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 ( P =0.02), but was not in BMI<25 kg/m 2 ( P =0.21). On the other hand, a high lymphocyte count was related to IH regardless of BMI (BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 : P =0.01, BMI<25 kg/m 2 : P =0.04). CONCLUSIONS: A high preoperative lymphocyte count is an independent risk factor for IH, whereas a low albumin count is limited regarding predicting IH.

[Peritoneal Recurrence of Gastric Cancer Treated with Chemoradiotherapy-A Case Report].

A 76-year-old male patient underwent a distal gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer. As the postoperative serum CA19-9 level was elevated, chemotherapy was initiated. Computed tomography(CT)detected a solitary peritoneal recurrence in the left subhepatic space 17 months later. Consequently, chemoradiotherapy(CRT)at a total dose of 60 Gy, combined with S-1 therapy, was administered for local tumor control. After CRT, CT scans revealed a remarkable reduction in the peritoneal recurrence. Presently, 8 months after CRT, the patient remains alive with no indications of regrowth. CRT could prove efficacious as a treatment for gastric cancer patients with localized peritoneal recurrences.

[A Case of Pathologic Complete Response Achieved with Preoperative Pembrolizumab Therapy for Transverse Colon Cancer].

A 77-year-old female patient presented with a medical history of 4 cancerous lesions, each with a surgical history. She was referred to our hospital due to anemia. Upon examination, she was diagnosed with transverse colon cancer. Duodenal invasion was suspected, which made performing R0 surgery difficult; therefore, the NAC approach was chosen. Three courses of CAPOX were administered, resulting in tumor obstruction, leading to the formation of an ileum stoma. MSI testing revealed MSI-H, and pembrolizumab treatment was initiated. CT scans showed tumor shrinkage, and PET scans indicated no accumulation, resulting in a cCR. Colon resection including the lesion suspected of stenosis was performed with a strong desire for stoma closure and the determination of potential curative resection. Additionally, a partial resection of the duodenum was performed. Pathological examination did not reveal any evident tumor cells, leading to the determination for a pCR. The patient has been under postoperative surveillance for 1 year without any recurrence.

Conversion Hepatectomy for Huge Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Arterioportal Shunt After Chemoembolization and Lenvatinib Therapy.

Large tumor size and arterioportal shunt are poor prognostic factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Lenvatinib is a novel and potent multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor developed in Japan. A 66-year-old woman with hepatocellular carcinoma and untreated hepatitis C was referred to our hospital. She was judged as unresectable and was treated with four sessions of transarterial chemoembolization; however, the therapeutic effect was unsatisfactory because of major arterioportal shunt. Lenvatinib was sequentially administered for 4 months. Thereafter, we observed tumor shrinkage, complete disappearance of arterioportal shunt, and obvious improvement in liver function. A curative conversion hepatectomy was successfully accomplished. The extremely high levels of tumor markers almost normalized; the pretreatment levels were 1,008,021 ng/ml for alpha-fetoprotein. At 1 year after the primary treatment, the patient has not experienced recurrence. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a patient with initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with arterioportal shunt who underwent conversion hepatectomy after multidisciplinary treatment, including lenvatinib.

Influence of intersegmental plane size and segment division methods on preserved lung volume and function after pulmonary segmentectomy.

OBJECTIVES: We previously reported that the use of a stapler to divide intersegmental planes did not decrease preserved pulmonary volume or function relative to electrocautery. However, preservation of pulmonary volume or function can be compromised when a stapler is used with larger intersegmental planes. Here, we assessed the correlations between preserved lung volume and pulmonary function after segmentectomy and the size of the intersegmental planes, based on the division method. METHODS: Intersegmental plane sizes in 56 patients were semi-automatically calculated using image analysis software on computed tomography images. The ratios of the remnant segment and ipsilateral lung volumes to their preoperative values (R-seg and R-ips) and the ratio of the postoperative pulmonary function relative to the predicted value were calculated based on three-dimensional volumetry. Correlations between preserved lung volume and pulmonary function and the intersegmental plane sizes were analyzed according to the division method. RESULTS: Intersegmental planes were divided by either electrocautery or with a stapler (EC/Mixed) in 21 patients and by stapler alone (ST) in 35 patients. There was no difference in the average size of the intersegmental planes between the two groups. The intersegmental plane size negatively correlated with R-seg in the ST group. CONCLUSIONS: Using the stapler method, as the size of the intersegmental planes increased, the preserved remnant segmental volume decreased; however, relation between the plane size and preserved pulmonary function was unclear. These findings indicate that stapler use is acceptable even for large intersegmental planes.

[Assessment of Fat-free Diet for Postoperative Chylothorax].

BACKGROUND: Chylothorax after lung cancer surgery is relatively rare but must be considered as a complication of thoracic surgery. METHOD: Between January 2012 and June 2017, 818 patients underwent lung cancer surgery at our hospital. Among them, 14 (1.7%) patients with chylothorax were retrospectively reviewed. Three patients were treated with oral intake cessation except water and total parental nutrition( TPN)[TPN group], 11 patients were treated with a fat-free diet( fat-free diet group). RESULTS: The drainage period was similar in both group [group TPN;13 (12~14) days and group fat-free diet;15.7 (6~42) days]. In the TPN group, 3 patients underwent pleurodesis and no patient needed surgical intervention. In the fat-free diet group, 5 patients improved only with diet management. Pleurodesis was necessary in 5 of which 3 underwent surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: A fat-free diet is useful in treating chylothorax after lung cancer surgery.

Tumor Spread Through Air Spaces Identifies a Distinct Subgroup With Poor Prognosis in Surgically Resected Lung Pleomorphic Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Tumor spread through air spaces (STAS) has recently been reported as a novel form of lung adenocarcinoma invasion that can negatively affect survival; however, its role in pleomorphic carcinoma remains unclear. The goal of this study was to characterize tumor STAS in pleomorphic carcinoma, including its association with clinicopathologic features and prognosis. METHODS: Tumor specimens obtained from 35 consecutive patients with pleomorphic carcinoma who underwent surgical resection between 2009 and 2015 were reviewed. Tumor STAS was defined as tumor cells spreading within the air spaces in the surrounding lung parenchyma beyond the edge of the primary tumor. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (40%) had evidence of STAS-positive pleomorphic carcinomas. Three types of morphologic findings were observed: single cells, small tumor cell clusters, and tumor nests. Tumor necrosis tended to be more prevalent in STAS-positive tumors than in STAS-negative tumors (P = .094). Patients with STAS experienced significantly worse recurrence-free survival (P = .005) and overall survival (P = .002) rates than those without STAS. Moreover, multivariate analysis revealed that tumor STAS was an independent risk factor for both recurrence (P = .014) and poor overall survival (P = .042). CONCLUSIONS: In this first study of its kind, tumor STAS in patients with pleomorphic carcinoma was shown to be associated with high recurrence rates and poor survival after surgical resection. Hence, tumor STAS can serve as a predictor of postoperative survival; this information will enable better risk stratification and more effective clinical management of patients with this rare type of tumor.

N-acetyltransferase 2 polymorphism and breast cancer risk with smoking: a case control study in Japanese women.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that the association between smoking and breast cancer risk might be modified by polymorphisms in the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene (NAT2). Most of these studies were conducted in Western countries, with few reports from East Asia. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of 511 breast cancer cases and 527 unmatched healthy controls from December 2010 to November 2011 in Japan. Unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the association of smoking with breast cancer risk stratified by NAT2 phenotype. RESULTS: In this population, 11 % of the cases and 10 % of the controls were classified as a slow acetylator phenotype. Compared to never smokers, current smokers had an increased breast cancer risk in multivariate analysis [odds ratio (OR) = 2.27, 95 % confidence interval (95 %CI) = 1.38-3.82]. Subgroup analyses of menopausal status indicated the same tendency. Subgroup analyses of NAT2 phenotype, the ORs in both of rapid and slow acetylator phenotype subgroups were comparable, and no interactions were observed between smoking status and NAT2 phenotype (p = 0.97). A dose-dependent effect of smoking on breast cancer risk was seen for the rapid acetylator phenotype, but not for the slow acetylator phenotype. CONCLUSION: Given the high frequency of the rapid acetylator phenotype, these results show that smoking is a risk factor for breast cancer among most Japanese women. It may be of little significance to identify the NAT2 phenotype in the Japanese population.

Clinical characteristics of combined cases of spinocerebellar ataxia types 6 and 31.

This study reports the first family in which spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 (SCA31) mutations were seen. An index patient first presented to our hospital due to gait and speech disturbances. Subsequent clinical investigation of this patient and her family members revealed consistent pure cerebellar ataxia transmitted in an autosomal-dominant manner. Genetic examination unexpectedly demonstrated that two of the five affected individuals had expansions of SCA6 and SCA31, while two others had SCA31 alone and the remaining had SCA6. Clinical manifestations were more severe in individuals with combined mutations relative to those with single mutation, suggesting that the SCA6 and SCA31 mutations have a cumulative pathogenic effect.

Muscle biopsy findings predictive of malignancy in rare infiltrative dermatomyositis.

OBJECTIVE: The characteristic pathological muscular findings of polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) have been shown to reflect their different pathogeneses. Here, we characterized the muscle biopsy findings of PM and DM patients with or without malignancy. METHODS: We evaluated the muscle biopsy findings of 215 consecutive PM and DM patients admitted to our hospital between 1970 and 2009. Pathology of the lesion biopsy sections was classified into 3 types: endomysial infiltration-type, perivascular infiltration-type, and rare-infiltrative-type. RESULTS: There was no difference between the muscle pathology of PM patients with and without malignancy. However, the incidence of rare-infiltrative type muscle pathology in DM patients with malignancy was significantly higher than in those without such tumors (p=0.0345). CONCLUSION: The incidence of rare-infiltrative type muscle pathology may be a predictive marker of DM with malignancy.

Long-term outcome of polymyositis treated with high single-dose alternate-day prednisolone therapy.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported no difference in the efficacies of high-dose alternate-day (ADT) and daily-dose (DDT) prednisolone therapies in myositis patients, but that the incidence of side effects was lower in the former. The aim of the present study was to compare the long-term outcomes of both treatments in polymyositis patients. METHODS: We compared clinical courses, efficacies, adverse reactions, and outcomes of 115 consecutive, biopsy-proven polymyositis patients treated between 1970 and 2008 with ADT (32 patients) or DDT (83 patients). RESULTS: Mean onset ages, disease severity, incidences of malignancy, and response rates did not differ between the ADT and DDT groups. Adverse reactions (incidence of diabetes) were significantly higher in the DDT group. In this group, the incidences of hyperlipidemia, infection, hypertension, and psychiatric symptoms were also slightly higher, but not significantly so. The 20-year survival rate of the ADT group (68%) was significantly higher (p = 0.0112) than that of the DDT group (37%). CONCLUSION: ADT might be useful as an initial treatment option for polymyositis.

Adenovirus-mediated murine interferon-gamma receptor transfer enhances the efficacy of IFN-gamma in vivo.

Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) plays an important role in immune response, apoptosis, and anti-tumor activity. Its biological activity depends on expression of IFN-gamma receptor (IFN-gammaR). To address whether increased expression of IFN-gammaR is associated in vivo with a higher biological response by IFN-gamma, we constructed an adenovirus vector including murine IFN-gammaR (Ad-mIFN-gammaR). We confirmed the appropriate function of mIFN-gammaR derived from Ad-mIFN-gammaR based on the observation of signal transduction and transcription. We also found that elevated expression of mIFN-gammaR increases sensitivity to recombinant murine IFN-gamma (rmIFN-gamma) in vitro in target cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the growth rate of tumors transfected with Ad-mIFN-gammaR is suppressed in response to rmIFN-gamma in vivo and that such growth suppression is partly due to apoptosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of adenovirus-mediated IFN-gammaR gene transfer being effective in augmenting the biological activity of IFN-gamma, and the strategy employed in the present study will be useful in studying other kinds of cytokine receptors and applications to gene therapy for cancer and infectious diseases.